[all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1993 . Benzene is a chemical compound in gasoline. Phys. Acad. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. 3 mtr circ Lifting strap 1 Ton x 1.5m EWL round sling Hoist, 30PCS 3/8-16x1-3/4" Allen Socket Head Cap Screws Bolts Alloy Coarse Black Oxide, Drive 6 Point Deep Impact Socket 55433 x 1/2 in Steelman 13/16 in, Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm, 1-Count Sharpie Twin-Tip . [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 J. Chem. Benzene Formula:C6H6 Molecular weight:78.1118 IUPAC Standard InChI:InChI=1S/C6H6/c1-2-4-6-5-3-1/h1-6HCopy IUPAC Standard InChIKey:UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-NCopy CAS Registry Number:71-43-2 Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol fileor as a computed3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Javaor Javascript. Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production; it is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics. Grolier, J.-P.E. We don't collect information from our users. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the recommended (8-hour) exposure limit of 0.1 ppm.[84]. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The risk from exposure to 1 ppm for a working lifetime has been estimated as 5 excess leukemia deaths per 1,000 employees exposed. National Library of Medicine. Soc., 1926, 48, 1274-1287. J. Chem. Subrahmanyam, S.V. phys. 2. Heat capacity of benzene at high pressures, Faraday Soc., 1971, 67, 2282-2291. (This estimate assumes no threshold for benzene's carcinogenic effects.) Physik [3], 1881, 13, 447-464. [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 5. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene (and other alkylbenzenes), cumene, cyclohexane, and nitrobenzene. CAS RN. [all data], Grolier, Roux-Desgranges, et al., 1987 Akad. It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. Thermodynam., 1993, 25(1), 41-50. In industrybenzeneis used as a solvent, as a chemical intermediate, and is used in the synthesis of numerous chemicals. rend., 1933, 197, 519-520. 1 C H vap (80. [66], Toluene is now often used as a substitute for benzene, for instance as a fuel additive. Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs. ; Simonov, V.M. Applicability of the DuPont 900 DTA apparatus in quantitative differential thermal analysis, It was formerly used as parasiticide. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. Bull. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local, environmental rules. Obshch. Chim. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? ; Roux-Desgranges, G.; Berkane, M.; Jimenez, E.; Wilhelm, E., A mixture of 54.5 mol% benzene in chlorobenzene at its bubble point is fed continuously to the bottom plate of a column containing two equilibrium plates, with a partial reboiler and a total condenser. J. 80.0C Boiling Point Melting Point Heat of Vaporization: Heat of Fusion 10.0C 10.0 kJ/mol 30.0 kJ/mol 100.0 J/mol K 90.0 J/mol K 70.0 J/mol K heat capacity . Molar heat capacities of binary liquid mixtures: 1,2-dichloroethane + benzene, + toluene, and + p-xylene, Sci. [25] In 1997, benzene was detected in deep space.[26]. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. Equation 1. Mixtures containing N,N-dimethylformamide, Benzene is the name of an aromatichydrocarbon,C 6 H 6. One way of understanding the carcinogenic effects of benzene is by examining the products of biological oxidation. Duff, G.M. Complete decarboxylation of mellitic acid gives benzene. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. ; Nagano, Y., Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 Although of no commercial significance, many other routes to benzene exist. Molecular Weight 1 134.22 CAS 105-05-5 Other Names 1,4-DIETHYLBENZENE Benzene, p-diethyl- p-Diethylbenzene p-Ethylethylbenzene para-Diethylbenzene : Acentric Factor. [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. In a human study 16.4 to 41.6% of retained benzene was eliminated through the lungs within five to seven hours after a two- to three-hour exposure to 47 to 110 ppm and only 0.07 to 0.2% of the remaining benzene was excreted unchanged in the urine. The reaction involves the acylation of benzene (or many other aromatic rings) with an acyl chloride using a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium chloride or Iron(III) chloride. J. Surface area of the liquid c. Pressure 6. The specific heats of binary mixtures, [all data], Andrews, Lynn, et al., 1926 Flow microcalorimeter for heat capacities of solutions, Consist of disordered clusters of particles that are quite close together; particles have random motions in three dimensions Solids 1. Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, Eng. In bacteria, dioxygenase enzyme can add an oxygen to the ring, and the unstable product is immediately reduced (by NADH) to a cyclic diol with two double bonds, breaking the aromaticity. [all data], Rabinovich and Nikolaev, 1962 In another human study, 30% of absorbed dermally applied benzene, which is primarily metabolized in the liver, was excreted as phenol in the urine. Rastorguev, Yu.L. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, In this process, the xylene stream exiting the TDP unit is approximately 90% p-xylene. [100] About 50% of the entire nationwide (United States) exposure to benzene results from smoking tobacco or from exposure to tobacco smoke. Carbon dioxide (CO2). Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. In particular, acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (AML & ANLL) is caused by benzene. Class XII. Most people in developed countries have measureable baseline levels of benzene and other aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in their blood. Follow us on Twitter Question, remark ? Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., National Institute of Standards and For a given species, see the thermodynamic values below. Chem. [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Hydrogen chloride gas. [all data], Pacor, 1967 Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Similar problems were reported by the FDA in the United States.[104]. In similar fashion to this catalytic reforming, UOP and BP commercialized a method from LPG (mainly propane and butane) to aromatics. Specific Heat capacity is given as. Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. ; T = 322.05, 351.15 K. p = 0.1 MPa. The use of mixing calorimeter for measuring heat capacities of liquids, ; Extrapolation below 90 K, 47.49 J/mol*K.; p = 0.1 MPa. Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E. More heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of benzene 1.C.C than to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1.C.C. III. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) Therefore, between the carbon atoms of benzene there were no fixed (i.e., constant) and distinct single or double bonds; instead, the bonds between the carbon atoms were identical. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. Maass, O.; Walbauer, L.J., These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Specific heat of sulphuric acid= 1.40 . Containers may explode when heated. Benzene depletion in a laminar premixed flat stoichiometric low-pressure methane/air/benzene (1.5%) flame was investigated using a recently developed kinetic model that has been tested for low-pressure combustion of acetylene, ethylene, and benzene.Experimental flame structures of two stoichiometric methane/air flames (v =34.2 cm s 1, 5.33 kPa) with and without the addition of 1.5% of . Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. These intermediates and metabolites induce genotoxicity by multiple mechanisms including inhibition of topoisomerase II (which maintains chromosome structure), disruption of microtubules (which maintains cellular structure and organization), generation of oxygen free radicals (unstable species) that may lead to point mutations, increasing oxidative stress, inducing DNA strand breaks, and altering DNA methylation (which can affect gene expression). [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. Acta, 1985, 88, 255-260. [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 arrow_forward Findenegg, G.H. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. [all data], Duff and Everett, 1956 Heats of formation and chemical compositions . The idea is used in fireworks to produce the colour. At the critical point there is no change of state when pressure is increased or if heat is added. [20] In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phne";[21] this word has become the root of the English word "phenol", which is hydroxylated benzene, and "phenyl", the radical formed by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (free radical H) from benzene. ; Wilhelm, E.; Hamedi, M.H., Monatsh. Step-by-Step Verified Solution Basis: 1 mol Feed [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Die specifische Wrme flssiger organischer Verbindungen und ihre Beziehung zu deren Moleculargewicht, Except where noted otherwise, data relate to, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 04:18. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. Chem. ; Everett, D.H., Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Eng. Chem. Das Benzol." Chim., 1960, 8, 651-653. [all data], Zhdanov, 1941 Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. Tohoku Imp. Chem. There are limitations on the content of benzene in gasoline. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. A small-area case-crossover study", "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility", American Petroleum Institute, API Toxicological Review, Benzene, September 1948, "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility", International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs, "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact", "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment", Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, 1910.1028, Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." Alkyne trimerisation of acetylene gives benzene. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, The . NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. Chem. Khim., 1947, 17, 1999-2003. NBS, 1945, 34, 65-70. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Chem., 1977, 81, 925-930. Khim., 1941, 11, 471-482. Benzene was historically used as a significant component in many consumer products such as liquid wrench, several paint strippers, rubber cements, spot removers, and other products. [all data], de Kolossowsky and Udowenko, 1933 Reaxys Registry Number. [38] Kekul's symmetrical ring could explain these curious facts, as well as benzene's 1:1 carbon-hydrogen ratio. ; Nikolaev, P.N., Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. As benzene can cause cancer, NIOSH recommends that all workers wear special breathing equipment when they are likely to be exposed to benzene at levels exceeding the REL (10-hour) of 0.1 ppm. [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 [82], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. Zhur. Excess heat capacity of the binary systems formed by n-propyl alcohol with benzene, mesitylene and cyclohexane, The formula is Cv = Q / (T m). Benzene is less dense thanwaterand is slightly soluble inwater. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit of 1 part of benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm) in the workplace during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek. Using a precise scanning-microcalorimetric technique, the heat-capacity difference between water and an aqueous solution of benzene or of toluene has been measured for a broad temperature range (from 278 to 413 K) under excess pressure, and the partial specific heat capacity of these solutes has been determined. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. Get the detailed answer: What is the specific heat of benzene? 1. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Due to partial or complete lack of data the classification is not possible. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. J. Chem. Pol. Steam cracking is the process for producing ethylene and other alkenes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Gorbunova, N.I. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. Rajagopal, E.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., Toluene is also processed into benzene. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. Zhur. Chem., 1965, 96, 669-678. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. Burlew, J.S., Excess heat capacities for mixtures of benzene with cyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, and cyclooctane at 298.15 K, II., Some 20% of the benzene production is used to manufacture cumene, which is needed to produce phenol and acetone for resins and adhesives. Under these conditions, toluene undergoes dealkylation to benzene and methane: This irreversible reaction is accompanied by an equilibrium side reaction that produces Chem. The molecule is located on a crystallographic inversion center and the terminal aminophenoxy rings are almost perpendicular to the central benzene ring with a dihedral angle of 85.40 (4). For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. The temperatures of the distillate and rejected brine flowing from the preheaters are 45 C . Obshch. [46], The German chemist Wilhelm Krner suggested the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to distinguish di-substituted benzene derivatives in 1867; however, he did not use the prefixes to distinguish the relative positions of the substituents on a benzene ring. [all data], Swietoslawski and Zielenkiewicz, 1960 Department of Health and Human Services. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. Pol. Soc. on behalf of the United States of America. If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 In 1855, Hofmann used the word "aromatic" to designate this family relationship, after a characteristic property of many of its members. [30][37] Kekul used evidence that had accumulated in the intervening yearsnamely, that there always appeared to be only one isomer of any monoderivative of benzene, and that there always appeared to be exactly three isomers of every disubstituted derivativenow understood to correspond to the ortho, meta, and para patterns of arene substitutionto argue in support of his proposed structure.