Aim of the Study and Research Questions High levels of stress are expected when crises affect peoples lives. Relationship of Demographic Factors, Psychological Capital, and Coping Strategies With Change in PERMA Elements, Note. Thus, there is potential for counselors to develop well-being promotion initiatives for students on university campuses targeting PsyCap and its constituting positive psychological HERO resources with the end goal of strengthening well-being (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011; F. Luthans et al., 2015; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). However, during the pandemic, the covariance of the PsyCap dimensions with well-being increased to 39% (R2 = .39, p < .01). Justine K. James, PhD, is an assistant professor at University College in Kerala, India. Simon & Schuster. Coronavirus Anxiety Workbook. Kozakiewicz A, Izdebski Z, Biaorudzki M, Mazur J. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Instead of worrying about our ambiguous future, focus on solving immediate problems. Cluster analysis for strategies of coping with stress. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, The study further analyses the causes of Malaysian university students' grievances and challenges and psychological effects in Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Below are strategies and resources that may help you cope with stress. Christine Suniti Bhat, PhD, LPC, LSC (OH), is a professor and the interim director of the George E. Hill Center for Counseling & Research at Ohio University. Front. Finally, the moderate Cronbachs alpha reliability scores of < .70 (Field, 2013) for the subscales of the Brief COPE inventory and the engagement subscale of the PERMA-Profiler are of concern, which has also been expressed by prior researchers (Goodman et al., 2018; Iasiello et al., 2017). Disengagement coping includes responses such as avoidance, denial, and wishful thinking, as well as aspects of emotion-focused coping, because it involves an attempt to escape feelings of distress (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2020). Research Question 3 Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(6), e20185. Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. The Career Development International, 16(1), 6081. Control-coping goodness-of-fit and chronic illness: A systematic review of the literature. Field, A. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. Students at a In this study, accepting the realities, using alternative affirmative explanations, seeking social support for meeting emotional needs, and engaging in active problem-focused coping behaviors seem to be the most helpful ways to counter the negative effects of the pandemic on well-being. The uncertainties arising from COVID-19 have added to anticipatory anxiety regarding the future (Ray, 2019; Witters & Harter, 2020). It is very good for your Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Results revealed that well-being was significantly lower during COVID-19 compared to before the onset of the pandemic. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Gallup. Methods: This article used narrative literature review to explore literature review from the following databases namely Web of Science, Google, COVID-19 has impacted every aspect of life around the world. Psychol. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. Assessing college life adjustment of students with disabilities: Application of the PERMA framework. And there are ways to lessen your stress. International Business Research, 8(10), 102111. Many things can impact this including our physical health. The results allow for concluding that the students' maladaptive strategies of coping with stress, especially during the pandemic, may result in long-term consequences for their psychophysiological health and academic achievements. Health Psychology Review, 13(2), 137162. Twenge, J. M. (2017). Although the reason for this result is uncertain, it is conceivable that attending to an uncertain future (i.e., hope) and recovering from immediate losses (i.e., resilience) became more salient, and ones self-efficacy in managing normal, everyday challenges receded in importance. PsyCaps positive psychological resources (HERO dimensions) may enable students to have a positive appraisal of circumstances (F. Luthans et al., 2007, p. 550) by providing mechanisms for reframing and reinterpreting potentially negative or neutral situations. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321332. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467487. Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 221230. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. Torinomi C, Lindenberg K, Mltner A, Herpertz SC, Holm-Hadulla RM. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. We utilized a correlational cross-sectional study design; therefore, although PsyCap was predictive of change in well-being before and during COVID-19, neither causation nor directionality can be assumed. Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Among adaptive coping strategies, active coping, positive reframing, and using emotional support mediated the relationship between optimism and overall well-being. Web1. 2023 Jan 20;20(3):1921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031921. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Support expected during the pandemic:. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). As a flexible learning method, most schools chose online distance learning (ODL). Self-efficacy was a consistent predictor of PERMA elements before COVID-19. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). University students are dealing with uncertain current realities and futures and may need to bolster their internal resources to face the challenges ahead. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x. Counselors could help university students benefit from attending to, appreciating, and attaining lifes positives (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009) and from enhancing the strength and frequency of employing positive coping strategies through targeted psychoeducational or counseling interventions. The experience of emotional wellbeing. A brief questionnaire was used to capture participant information. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. It is this balance of positive and negative emotions that contributes to life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993), and our findings support the notion that fostering particular positive psychological states (PsyCap), as well as engaging in related coping strategies, promotes well-being in the context of this large-scale crisis. Frequent breaks can help you re-engage in your work. College student retention: An exploration of the relationship between self-efficacy beliefs and purpose in life among university students. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. To avoid being overwhelmed, set limits on your media consumption and smartphone use. Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. The results also showed that the youngest students had the lowest coping skills. Positivity: Groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negativity, and thrive. Mediation models were carried out with bootstrapping procedure with a 95% confidence interval. Simon & Schuster. Students substance use (mean) and, Fig 8. (2007) developed PsyCap from research in positive organizational behavior and positive psychology. You might have lost funding or your job. Before WebWe study the stability of noncognitive skills by comparing experimental results gathered before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. BackgroundThe COVID-19 crisis has introduced a variety of stressors, while simultaneously decreasing the availability of strategies to cope with stress. Specifically, the study addresses coping strategies and psychological capital (PsyCap; F. Luthans et al., 2007) and how they relate to levels of well-being. Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the State of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. 2022 Dec 7;19(24):16423. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416423. (2018). Guided imagery can also be a useful and effective tool to help stressed students cope with academic, social, and other stressors. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) OH For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Specifically, adaptive coping strategies played a significant role in enhancing the positive effects of PsyCap on well-being. The authors reported no conflict of interest (2010). Each subscale is measured by two items and is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus, Witters, D., & Harter, J. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21212, Demerouti, E., van Eeuwijk, E., Snelder, M., & Wild, U. Interventions that are described as well-being approaches rather than those that highlight pathologies are less stigmatizing (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Umucu et al., 2020) than traditional deficit-based therapeutic approaches. WebThis study intends to investigate the extent to which students' learning experience has been meaningful and satisfying, and their sentiment on online distance learning due to the implementation of emergency remote teaching (ERT). Studies show that all five pillars of well-being in the PERMA model are associated with better academic outcomes in students, such as improved college life adjustment, achievement, and overall life satisfaction (Butler & Kern, 2016; DeWitz et al., 2009; Tansey et al., 2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Significant risk factors were poor health, prior trauma, poor family functioning, SAGE. Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. or funding contributions for the development sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal There are a number of research-based approaches offered in the field of positive psychology to guide mental health professionals to facilitate development of PsyCap and other important well-being correlates. However, after COVID-19, self-efficacy did not present as a predictor of well-being in this study. 2021;18(1): 355. Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1560229. Whether youre a graduate student or an undergrad, youre probably feeling anxious, sad and uncertain. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Priscilla Rose Prasath, Peter C. Mather, Christine Suniti Bhat, Justine K. James. I find Docmerit to be authentic, easy to use and a community with quality notes and study tips. You can only control your own thoughts, feelings and behaviors. How Do I Feel Better When The World Is Burning? Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Visit your App store or the Houseparty Appwebsite. Legal Notice | Privacy Policy, 11235 Bellflower Road Clarifying the relation of acculturative stress and anxiety/depressive symptoms: The role of anxiety sensitivity among Hispanic college students. You dont have to fix their problems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most This instrument is used widely in studies with university students (e.g., Madhyastha et al., 2014; Miyazaki et al., 2008). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 7382. Surgeon General issued an advisory on the nations youth mental health crisis in December 2021. Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. (2015). Eat well. If you notice that you are feeling upset or more irritable, take a break from watching, reading, or listening to news stories, including social media. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 5372. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). WebDr. Find new ways to celebrate. Current Psychology, 36(4), 875887. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). * p < .05, ** p < .01. Personality and coping. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpr051, Dello Russo, S., & Stoykova, P. (2015). B., & Everette James, A. Think about how you can honor what youve achieved. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2015-0091. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. The financial crisis and the well-being of Americans: 2011 OEP Hicks lecture. Predictors of Students' Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Coping Strategies, Sense of Coherence, and Social Support. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. Mental Health of Students at Polish Universities after Two Years of the Outbreak of COVID-19. Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 6063. Connection and disconnection as predictors of mental health and wellbeing. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. Fig 3. WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. University students faced unprecedented challenges and stressors, especially Asian The coronavirus pandemic is pushing America into a mental health crisis. Occupy your mind with puzzles. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 148. A suffering generation: Six factors contributing to the mental health crisis in North American higher education. The uncertainty about what comes next. Depression is a state of low mood that can lead to several negative outcomes on thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and even physical state. J Ment Health. We examined whether the COVID-19 context shaped the efficacy of particular strategies to promote well-being. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. WebCoping During Covid-19. Future researchers should consider issues of internal consistency as they choose scales and interpret results. Current Psychology. Guilford. Background Coronavirus disease-19 emerged in December 2019. Thus, in general, internal consistency reliability coefficients tend to be relatively smaller ( = .5 to .9). Pandemic-Related Stress and Other Emotional Difficulties in a Sample of Men and Women Living in Romantic Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.013, Rabenu, E., Yaniv, E., & Elizur, D. (2017). Peter C. Mather, PhD, is a professor and department chair at Ohio University. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or iGen: Why todays super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happyand completely unprepared for adulthoodand what that means for the rest of us. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). P = Positive Emotion, E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, L = Loneliness. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships among well-being in university students before and during the onset of COVID-19 with PsyCap and coping strategies. Think about the things you have done in the past that have brought you joy or helped you manage your stress. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. In Poland, the transfer to online teaching was announced without prior warning, which radically changed students' daily functioning. Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high That is, what coping Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. 2021 Jul-Sep;104(3):368504211029812. doi: 10.1177/00368504211029812. (1988). Fig 1. https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. Try to create a separate work space, although you should reserve your sleeping area for sleeping. Given the current realities of physical distancing, there are fewer opportunities for traditional-age university students attending primarily residential campuses to maintain social connections, resulting in social fragmentation and isolation. L = Loneliness. Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Karen. -. Meyer, M. L., Wagner, D. D., Holtzheimer, P. E., & Campbell, A. T. (2020). * p < .05, ** p < .01. Computer Human Behavior, 69, 19. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Among the PERMA elements, engagement and physical health were least impacted by COVID-19, whereas students experiences of positive emotion and negative emotion were the factors that were largely affected. Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Coping strategies were evaluated using the Brief COPE questionnaire (Carver, 1997), which is a short form (28 items) of the original COPE inventory (Carver et al., 1989). E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.46.4.877, Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). Background: During COVID-19 (2013). The effect size of the change in well-being for PERMA elements was 38%, p2 = .380, a high effect size (Cohen, 1988). No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article Note. Partial eta squared was reported as the measure of effect size. Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Bakhshaie, J., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., Sharp, C., Cardoso, J. WebCoping with the Crisis As with any difficult situation, each person relies on different coping mechanisms. Universities across Priscilla Rose Prasath, PhD, MBA, LPC (TX), is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio. Two significant challenges to counseling professionals on college campuses are the lack of resources to adequately respond to mental health concerns among students and the stigma associated with accessing services (R. P. Gallagher, 2014; Michaels et al., 2015). Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. Most educational institutions made sure that instruction was uninterrupted at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recognize that the current circumstances are hard for everyone. Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. SuperBetter: A revolutionary approach to getting stronger, happier, braver and more resilient. Conversely, when individuals employed problematic coping strategies such as behavioral disengagement and self-blame (Carver, 1997), the negative impacts were much stronger than the positive effect of adaptive coping strategies. Or consider trying a new activity that you havent tried before. What is the predictive relationship of PsyCap on well-being prior to the onset of COVID-19 and after the onset of COVID-19? Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). (1993). Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. Demographic Questionnaire Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Among university students, healthy coping strategies could buffer them from some of the unique challenges associated with acculturating and adjusting to college experiences (Jardin et al., 2018), especially during a pandemic. Recently, the use of positive psychology smartphone apps such as Happify and resilience-building video games such as SuperBetter have been suggested and tested as motivational tools, especially with younger adults, to foster sustained and continued engagement with PsyCap development (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; McGonigal, 2015). Coefficients of determination for models predicting well-being from PsyCap dimensions ranged from 4% to 28%. Sci Prog. Seligmans multidimensional model integrates both hedonic and eudaimonic views of well-being, and each of the well-being components is seen to have the following three properties: (a) it contributes to well-being, (b) it is pursued for its own sake, and (c) it is defined and measured independently from the other components (Seligman, 2011). The majority of the participants were full time students (82%, n = 498) compared to part-time students (18%, n = 111). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. and transmitted securely. Mental health and behavior of college students during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal smartphone and ecological momentary assessment study. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? Engage your senses with hot baths or fragrant candles. All of these changes may have influenced students health The findings of this study should be considered in light of certain limitations. Hearing about the pandemic can be upsetting. Psychological capital intervention (PCI): A replication and extension. Your classes may now be virtual. Background The COVID-19 pandemic led to major changes in peoples lives via protective strategies aimed at limiting the transmission of COVID-19, including social distancing, lockdowns, cancelled or limited leisure activities and tutorials and supervision for students taking place digital. The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. As teachers, it is essential to listen to students' concerns and demonstrate understanding as well as empathy. If so, please share them using this form. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. Coping with this stress may help you. Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most Although mental health distress has been an issue on college campuses prior to the pandemic (Flatt, 2013; Lipson et al., 2019), COVID-19 has and will continue to magnify this phenomenon. Are you able to do these activities? National Survey of Counseling Center Directors 2008 [Internet]. WebThus, the objective of this study was aimed at accentuating the coping strategies of students for online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fig 2. https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR. Research Question 1 https://doi.org/10.2196/20185, Hunt, J., & Eisenberg, D. (2010). The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Johnson (2020) indicated that 35% of students reported increased anxiety associated with a move from face-to-face to online learning in the spring 2020 semester, matching the early phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Your classmates have probably scattered. These include approaches to building positive emotions (Fredrickson, 2009); coping strategies, which were found in this study to boost well-being (Jardin et al., 2018; Lyubomirsky, 2008); and effective goal pursuits (F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017). Distanced learning. Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Mental health priorities: Stigma elimination and community advocacy in college settings. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Northwestern University. On the other hand, self-blame and behavioral disengagement were two problematic coping strategies that mediated the relationship between optimism and all PERMA elements. Social distancing regulations were enforced in an attempt to halt virus spread. (F. Luthans et al., 2015, p. 2). A positive approach to management education: The relationship between academic PsyCap and student engagement. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2015.0088. Am J Orthopsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9933-3, Hoover, E. (2020). 500 Montgomery Street,Suite 820Alexandria, VA. 22314Phone (703) 684.7722Toll Free (800) 969.6642Fax (703) 684.5968. Studies conducted during the COVID19 pandemic have shown a similar pattern: psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support safeguard mental health and wellbeing among health care workers who are on the frontlines of the fights against this deadly virus (BlancoDonoso et al., 2021; Chew et al., 2020; Labrague & De los The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Engagement coping includes problem-focused coping and some forms of emotion-focused coping, such as support seeking, emotion regulation, acceptance, and cognitive restructuring. For university students, the pandemic brought about disruptions to life as they knew it. Look for tasks you can postpone or simply eliminate from your to-do list. Seligmans (2011) PERMA model is one of the most highly regarded models of well-being. Keywords: university students, psychological capital, well-being, coping strategies, COVID-19. to the adversity. Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach. Students substance use (mean) and sources of expected support during the COVID-19 pandemic, Fig 9. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). Structural equation modeling in Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS, v23) software was used to test the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between PsyCap and change in PERMA scores. Limitations and Directions for Future Research. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 26(3), 329347. de la Fuente, J., Lahortiga-Ramos, F., Laspra-Solis, C., Maestro-Martin, C., Alustiza, I., Auba, E., & Martin-Lanas, R. (2020). Weband is associated with psychosocial coping skills and resources, degree of experienced psy- university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A machine learning approach.